The objectives of this research were: 1) to study the level of Art Innovation Ability, Entrepreneurial Ability, and Risk Management Ability among second-year students (2023 cohort) at Beihai College of Art and Design, and 2) to propose development guidelines for cultivating these three core abilities at the college. The sample consisted of second-year students from the college, selected using stratified random sampling. Research instruments included a 5-point rating scale questionnaire and a semi-structured interview. Data were analyzed using percentage, mean, standard deviation, and content analysis.
The results revealed that: 1) The overall level of the three core abilities among students was at a moderate level. Among the three dimensions, Art Innovation Ability scored the highest, followed by Entrepreneurial Ability and Risk Management Ability. Within the Art Innovation Ability dimension, the item “confidence in using digital tools for artistic creation” scored the highest, whereas “confidence in evaluating the commercial feasibility and profitability of artistic product design solutions” scored the lowest. In terms of Risk Management Ability, students demonstrated relatively higher awareness of the ethical risks of digital art but lower familiarity with legal requirements for artwork protection. 2) The proposed development guidelines comprise targeted pathways for each of the three ability dimensions. To enhance Art Innovation Ability, the guidelines suggest integrating market analysis and profitability evaluation modules into art design courses through collaboration with local galleries and design firms. To strengthen Entrepreneurial Ability, it is recommended to embed business model canvas training and long-term venture planning workshops into the entrepreneurship curriculum. To reinforce Risk Management Ability, the guidelines advise incorporating modules on copyright law, intellectual property protection, and contract negotiation into core art curriculum, along with practical exercises that navigate real or simulated legal scenarios.
Keywords: Development Guidelines, Art Innovation Ability, Entrepreneurial Ability, Risk Management Ability, Beihai College of Art and Design

The primary aim of this study was to assess regional counter-terrorism cooperation and stability in East Africa 2012–2022.Specifically, the study sought to: evaluate the role of regional cooperation counter-terrorism policies in enhancing stability in East Africa; to analyze the impact of regional cooperation counter terrorism policies on stability in East Africa and to assess the effectiveness regional cooperation counter-terrorism policies on stability in East Africa. The study holds significance for security policymakers, practitioners, and scholars engaged in the field of security studies. It was guided by a conceptual framework grounded in Terror Management Theory, Network Theory, and Deterrence Theory. Methodologically, the study employed a descriptive research design and targeted a population of 79 participants, comprising of; East African Community secretariat, E.A Police Chiefs, The United Nations Office of counter-terrorism, EU and Civil society groups. A stratified random sampling technique was used to select a sample of 66 participants. Data were collected through survey questionnaires. Data analysis was conducted using thematic analysis and presented in descriptive summaries. The study established that during the years from 2012 to 2022, the power of East Africa was dependent on the regional cooperation and the international support in the counter-terrorism domain that played the primary role in ensuring stability. The international community's direct financial assistance, technical support, and training programs allowed the African Union Mission in Somalia (AMISOM) and the regional security structures to perform excellently, thus reducing the impact of the shortage of local resources and at the same time strengthening the legal, institutional, and operational frameworks. On the other hand, support from AMISOM, the Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD), and the East African Community (EAC) through joint military operations, intelligence-sharing, policy harmonization, and capacity-building, not only made but also enhanced the whole staff of the member states to interrupt, seal the borders, and deal with humanitarian needs of Al-Shabaab easily. The study recommended for: the development of sustainable funding mechanisms has to be the first and foremost priority. Although international financial support was very important, depending on the outside funding made the situation vulnerable when there were changes in the donor's commitment; there is a need to improve the collaboration between the institutions and the harmonization of their policies among the states. Different priorities in the countries and the differences in the capacity might sometimes limit the whole effectiveness of the cooperation between the regions. Furthermore, continuous investment in specialized training for intelligence, crisis management, and multi-border coordination is being constantly needed to keep the terrorists' adaptive strategies at bay; in addition, it is advised to bolster the intelligence-sharing networks and the technological infrastructure. The upgrade of surveillance systems, secure communication platforms, and real-time data integration will all enhance pre-emptive responses to the threat of terrorism. Lastly, it is necessary to formalize the coordination among donor agencies, AU/UN mandates, and regional meetings to ensure that the external help is not only in line but also in support of the strategies of the region, and thus, not creating either dependency or fragmentation.

The objectives of this research were 1) to study the level of Promotion of Higher Education Students' Enrollment System at Guangxi Talent International College and 2) to propose guidelines for the Development of Promotion of Higher Education Students' Enrollment System at Guangxi Talent International College. The sample group consisted of 217 teachers and administrators, selected by accidental random sampling from 515 teachers and administrators at the college. For the interview, 10 teachers and administrators were selected using purposive sampling. The research instruments were questionnaires and interview forms. The data analysis were calculated using frequency, percentage, means and standard deviations. The results were found that 1) The overall level of Promotion of Higher Education Students' Enrollment System at Guangxi Talent International College was at a moderate level. Considering the 6 aspects: Student Life and Facilities Information was at the lowest level, followed by Information of Fee and Scholarship, Curriculum and Department Information, Admission Results and Applicant Statistics Information, Application Channels and Applicant Eligibility, while Admission Procedures and Schedules were at the highest rank. 2) To develop the enrollment system promotion, it is crucial to enrich multimedia promotional materials for campus facilities, standardize scholarship and department introduction materials, develop pre-application eligibility guidance tools, publish categorized admission statistics, and establish a unified information release portal for admission schedules. These measures aim to enhance information transparency, reduce applicant confusion, and improve the overall effectiveness of the admission system.
Keywords: Enrollment system promotion, Higher education admission, Guangxi Talent International College, Admission information transparency, Vocational education.

Highland is a typical area of Vietnam. It contains lots of unique things for people to study and discover. Among them are culture and language, these are two reciprocal elements to create a community that is called Hill tribe. Hill tribe has originally come to Highland for long time ago and they set up their life based on their root culture until now. When studying about Hill tribe, we realize that their culture is very interesting and worth tracing. Therefore, how to conserve and maintain Hill tribe’s culture is what we need to take into consideration as soon as possible.
Keywords: Cultural conceptualisations; Cultural linguistics; Visual artifacts; Metacultural competence.

Facing an increasingly unstable global economic environment, entrepreneurship has established itself as a lever for development and a prolific research subject. This article aims to articulate three central notions— entrepreneurship, entrepreneurial support, and entrepreneurial finance— in order to understand how they contribute to the resilience and sustainability of young firms in times of crisis. After tracing the main schools of thought that have shaped the definition of entrepreneurship, the article examines the forms that support can take (counselling, coaching, mentoring) and then situates entrepreneurial finance at the intersection of finance and entrepreneurship. Particular attention is given to the case of Morocco, whose entrepreneurial ecosystem has had to absorb, within six years, a succession of unprecedented shocks: the Covid-19 pandemic, the Al Haouz earthquake of September 2023, a structural drought, and an inflationary surge. The descriptive analysis of the public measures deployed— from the Economic Watch Committee to the Intelaka and Forsa programmes, together with the post-earthquake reconstruction fund— highlights both the scale of public mobilisation and the persistence of structural obstacles to financing access for small and medium-sized enterprises.
Keywords: entrepreneurship, entrepreneurial support, entrepreneurial finance, resilience, crisis, SMEs, Morocco.

The objectives of this research were 1) to study the current situation of modern educational administration at Guangxi Talent International College and 2) to propose guidelines for the development of modern educational administration at Guangxi Talent International College. The sample group consisted of 214 teachers and administrators, selected by accidental random sampling from 486 teachers and administrators at the college. For the interview, 8 teachers and administrators were selected using purposive sampling. The research instruments were questionnaires and semi-structured interview forms. The data analysis was calculated using frequency, percentage, means and standard deviations. The results were found that 1) The overall level of modern educational administration at Guangxi Talent International College was at a high level (x =4.04). Considering the 5 dimensions: Community Relations was at the highest level, followed by General Administration and Technology and Academic Management, then Budget and Resource Management, while Personnel Management was at the lowest rank, still at a high level. 2) To develop modern educational administration, it is crucial to improve the faculty performance evaluation system, increase regular renewal investment in teaching facilities and software/hardware equipment, establish a unified information publishing platform and multi-channel push mechanisms, develop tiered and categorized information technology training plans, establish regular community communication and cooperation mechanisms, and enhance the closed-loop management of student course evaluation feedback. These measures aim to enhance management transparency, optimize resource allocation, improve administrative efficiency, and promote the continuous improvement of the college's modern educational administration level.
Keywords: Management, Personnel Management, Budget and Resource Management, General Administration and Technology, Community Relations 1. Introduction In the 21st century, higher education

Firm-level digital transformation is widely studied but cannot be observed through a single, universally accepted measure. Researchers therefore rely on annual report language, surveys, digital investment, patents, recruitment records, and composite maturity indices. These indicators are useful for different purposes, yet they capture different parts of the transformation process. This focused methodological review examines firm-level measurement with particular attention to annual report text. The review shows that text-based indicators remain attractive because they permit large samples, longitudinal analysis, and reproducible construction. However, the interpretation of these indicators should remain more limited than the broader organisational construct they are intended to represent. A keyword score may reflect implemented projects, managerial attention, strategic communication, policy response, or a mixture of these elements. Its validity also depends on dictionary design, report length, duplicate text, document sections, industry vocabulary, and changes in terminology over time. Recent studies improve measurement by restricting the corpus, using theoretically informed dictionaries, applying word-embedding models, and separating capability dimensions. Based on this evidence, the paper proposes a seven-part reporting framework covering construct definition, data source, dictionary development, text cleaning, indicator construction, validation, and limitations. The proposed framework is especially relevant to archival studies in which digital-transformation measures are linked to firm performance, innovation investment, or capital allocation efficiency. From the limited body of research reviewed, no indicator is consistently superior. The appropriate measure depends on the research question, and the conclusions should not extend beyond what the chosen data can reasonably show.
Keywords: Digital Transformation, Annual Report Text Analysis, Construct Validity, Reporting Framework

Integrating sustainability into project management practices is essential for organizations aiming to balance economic, social, and environmental objectives. This can be achieved by either establishing a Project Management Office (PMO) within operational areas or embedding sustainable practices within an existing PMO. This paper explores the pivotal role of PMOs in promoting sustainable project management (SPM). Through a review of existing literature and empirical findings, the study identifies key factors driving the adoption of SPM practices, evaluates the effectiveness of PMO-led initiatives, and proposes best practices for enhancing sustainability in project management.
The findings underscore the importance of aligning organizational objectives with sustainability goals, establishing robust governance frameworks, and engaging stakeholders to foster a culture of sustainability. This research provides valuable insights and practical recommendations for organizations seeking to integrate sustainability into their project management processes, contributing to a more sustainable future.
Keywords: PMO, SPM, Sustainability, NASA TLX

The objectives of this research were: 1. To investigate the actual operation status of the four-dimensional Work-Based Learning Model implemented at Beijing Automotive Technician College based on full-time teachers’ feedback. 2. To formulate localized, operable optimization guidelines for the college’s Work-Based Learning teaching system by combining quantitative questionnaire data and qualitative expert interview records. Simple random sampling was adopted to select 132 full-time teachers from a total population of 197 teachers as questionnaire respondents. The research tools contained a 24-item 5-point Likert scale covering four core Work-Based Learning dimensions and a semi-structured interview outline. Statistical methods including frequency percentage, mean (M), standard deviation (S.D.), reliability test and thematic content analysis were adopted for data processing. The results indicated that the overall implementation level of the college’s Work-Based Learning Model reached a high level. Ranked by mean value from high to low, the four dimensions were curriculum-post matching degree, teachers' integrated teaching ability, school-enterprise cooperation level and practical training resource guarantee conditions (the lowest dimension). Corresponding operable improvement guidelines were summarized from expert interviews, covering curriculum mechanism optimization, deepened industry-education integration, standardized teacher enterprise training and phased upgrading of training resources.
Keywords: Work-Based Learning Model, Technician College, Industry-Education Integration, Teaching Optimization

This study aims to analyze the implications of the Free Nutritious Meal (Makan Bergizi Gratis) Program policy on the learning stamina of Grade VIII junior high school students in Banten Province. The study employed a quantitative approach with a descriptive-evaluative method based on Dunn (2018) policy evaluation theory. The research population consisted of Grade VIII students and Indonesian/English language teachers from eight public junior high schools participating in the MBG Program in Banten Province. A purposive sampling technique was used, involving 235 students as the main respondents and 25 teachers as supporting informants. Data were collected through questionnaires, documentation, and literature review, and were analyzed using descriptive statistics, including frequencies, percentages, means, and correlation analysis among learning stamina indicators. The findings indicate that the MBG Program has positive implications for students’ learning stamina, encompassing learning focus, learning concentration, learning motivation, and physical endurance. The physical endurance aspect obtained the highest mean score (mean = 2.94), followed by learning concentration (2.87), learning motivation (2.81), and learning focus (2.72). The correlation coefficients among the indicators ranged from 0.6 to 0.8, indicating positive relationships of moderate to strong strength. The significance test also revealed that the relationships among the learning stamina indicators were statistically significant at the 5% significance level (t-calculated = 20.35 > t-table = 1.97). However, the study also identified several implementation challenges, including irregular food distribution, limited menu variety, inconsistent food quality, and a high level of food waste in several schools. These findings suggest that the MBG Program has the potential to become a strategic instrument for improving both educational quality and student health, provided that it is supported by effective implementation governance.
Keywords: Free Nutritious Meal Program, learning stamina, learning focus, learning motivation, junior high school students.

The Fishery-waste utilization presents an opportunity to connect environmental resource management with inclusive economic development in rural communities. However, the potential of fish-processing residues to create economic opportunities for women while supporting circular practices remains insufficiently explored at the community level. This study examines how fishery-waste utilization creates economic opportunities for women while supporting circular practices in Sidamukti Village, Cilacap, Indonesia. The study employs a qualitative case study based on program documentation of the Sidamukti Smart Eco-Fisheries Village, a community development initiative implemented through the corporate social responsibility program of PT Pertamina Patra Niaga Fuel Terminal Lomanis. The findings show that eel-processing residues, particularly heads, bones, and fins that were previously discarded, were transformed into value-added food products through the participation of a women-led fish-processing group. This process created economic opportunities through skills development, product diversification, market access, and additional household income. The findings also indicate complementary circular practices through the conversion of organic waste into maggot biomass, which is subsequently utilized as an alternative feed input for fisheries and livestock. These activities were supported by organizational formalization, financial management, product legalization, marketing development, and institutional partnerships. The study demonstrates that fishery-waste utilization can function as a connecting pathway between resource recovery and women's economic opportunities when embedded within community organizations and supported by market and institutional arrangements. The findings provide an empirical perspective on how community-level circular practices can contribute to local economic value creation without treating circularity solely as a technological or environmental intervention.
Keywords: Fishery waste; Women’s participation; Circular practices; Rural fisheries.

In the evolving landscape of global economies, digital entrepreneurship has become a critical driver for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), particularly in developing nations like Pakistan. This study addresses the research problem of how digitalization influences entrepreneurial practices and business model adaptations in Pakistani SMEs, amid challenges such as underdeveloped infrastructure and skills shortages, while contrasting these with China's advanced digital policies. Drawing from Grosu et al.'s (2025) review of highly cited literature on entrepreneurship and digitalization, the research extends qualitative content analysis to empirical, context-specific investigations in Pakistan's key sectors: textiles, retail, and IT services, which contribute over 40% to GDP and employ 80% of the non-agricultural workforce.
The primary objective is to examine digitalization's role in innovating business models, with a secondary focus on policy comparisons. Employing an exploratory qualitative paradigm with an interpretive approach, data were collected over six months (June-November 2025) through semi-structured interviews with 22 anonymized participants (SME owners, managers, and entrepreneurs), selected via purposive sampling for diversity in firm size, location, and digital maturity. Interviews, guided by Grosu et al.'s (2025) themes (e.g., digital ecosystems and challenges), were analyzed thematically per Braun and Clarke (2006), and supplemented by secondary policy documents for triangulation.
Key findings reveal emergent themes: digital tools like AI and e-commerce enable model shifts (e.g., 15-25% revenue increases post-2024 recovery), but barriers such as infrastructure gaps (56.58% broadband penetration) and cybersecurity risks persist universally.
Opportunities in e-commerce drive market expansion, with sector-specific insights showing IT services leading in maturity ($3.22 billion exports FY2023-24), while textiles lag. Policy contrasts highlight Pakistan's connectivity focus (e.g., SME financing at PKR 690.98 billion by June 2025 under SME Policy 2021 and NFIS 2024-28) versus China's AI-driven strategies (Made in China 2025 and 14th Five-Year Plan, achieving 70% domestic tech content).
Implications include theoretical extensions of qualitative frameworks for emerging markets, practical recommendations for SMEs (e.g., AI integration for resilience), and policy insights for cross-national learning (e.g., adopting China's digital pilots). Contributions bridge global literature with localized empirics, fostering sustainable SME growth in developing economies.
Keywords: digital entrepreneurship, business model innovation, Pakistani SMEs, qualitative analysis, policy comparison, China, digitalization

The rapid development of the digital economy has brought unprecedented convenience to university students while simultaneously exposing them to escalating cybersecurity threats, such as online fraud, information leakage, and malicious attacks. This research aimed to 1) study the current level of students’ cybersecurity at Nanning University, and 2) propose evidence-based guidelines for enhancing students’ cybersecurity. The sample group consisted of 379 students selected by accidental random sampling from a population of 22,480 students at Nanning University, and five experts were purposively selected as key informants for structured interviews. The research instruments included a five-point Likert scale questionnaire and a structured interview guide. The questionnaire was validated by three experts with an IOC range of 0.60–1.00 and achieved a reliability coefficient of 0.85. Quantitative data were analyzed using frequency, percentage, mean, and standard deviation, while qualitative data from the interviews were analyzed using content analysis. The findings revealed that the overall level of students’ cybersecurity at Nanning University was at a high level (x̄ = 3.64, S.D. = 0.87). Among the five dimensions, Cybersecurity Behavior ranked highest (x̄ = 3.86, S.D. = 0.82), followed by Cybersecurity Cognition (x̄ = 3.75, S.D. = 0.85), Cybersecurity Awareness (x̄ = 3.68, S.D. = 0.88), and Cybersecurity Literacy (x̄ = 3.52, S.D. = 0.90), all of which were at high levels. Cybersecurity Risk Perception had the lowest mean score (x̄ = 3.41, S.D. = 0.93) and was at a moderate level. Based on these findings and expert interviews, comprehensive enhancement guidelines were formulated across all five dimensions. These include practical training and continuous supervision for Cybersecurity Behavior; curriculum integration and online micro-courses for Cybersecurity Cognition; continuous promotion and diversified activities for Cybersecurity Awareness; case analysis and interdisciplinary learning for Cybersecurity Literacy; and real-life case analysis and risk simulation activities for Cybersecurity Risk Perception. This study provides actionable strategies for applied universities to cultivate digitally resilient graduates and offers practical references for enhancing cybersecurity education and digital governance in higher education.
Keywords: Students’ cybersecurity, Cybersecurity awareness, Cybersecurity risk perception, Cybersecurity literacy, Higher education, Digital economy.

This thesis investigates how organizational learning capability (OLC) affects sustainable competitive advantage (SCA) of Chinese listed firms. Using panel data of 491 A share non financial firms from 2010 2022, it examines direct impacts, innovation based mediation and moderating roles of firm age and state ownership. Results show OLC positively influences SCA with differentiated innovation mechanisms, and this effect is stronger in older and state owned firms, offering managerial and policy implications.
Keywords: Organizational Learning Capability; Sustainable Competitive Advantage; China; Corporate Innovation; Panel Data